Effects of Crack Cocaine
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Neuronal fibers from the VTA connect to the nucleus accumbens, an area of the brain responsible for rewards. Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug made from the leaves of the coca plant native to South America.
Occasionally, highly toxic substances are used, with a range of corresponding short and long-term health risks. Synonyms atari; base; bazooka; beamers; beemers; bebe; bee-bee; berry; bing; bolo; bomb; boulder; boulders; butter; caine; cane; Casper; Casper the ghost; cavvy; chemical; chewies; cloud; cloud nine; crills; crunch and munch; dip; famous dimes; fan; fish scale; fries; fry; glo; golfball; gravel; grit; hail; hamburger; helper; hubba; ice cube; kangaroo; kibbles and bits; kibbles; krills; lightem; paste; patico; pebbles; pee wee; pony; raw; ready; ready rocks; redi rocks; roca; rock; rooster; rox; Roxanne; scud; Scotty; scramble; scruples; seven-up; sherm; sherms; sleet; snowballs; stones; teeth; tension; top gun; tweak; ultimate; wash; white cloud; work; yahoo; yay; yayoo; yeah-O; yeyo; yeo; yuck. Crack, when smoked in rock form, produces the same high as experienced by the nasal insufflation of powdered cocaine, lasting for 5-10 minutes in duration.
What You Need to Know About Drugs: Cocaine and Crack - Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. To discover more about this program, we encourage you to call us at Cirque Lodge is licensed by the State of Utah and is accredited by the Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Healthcare Organization JCAHO.
Two grams of crack cocaine Crack cocaine, also known simply as crack, is a form of that can be smoked. Crack offers a short but intense to smokers. The Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment calls it the most addictive form of cocaine. Crack cocaine is commonly used as a. In purer forms, crack rocks appear as off-white nuggets with jagged edges, with a slightly higher density than candle wax. Purer forms of crack resemble a hard brittle plastic, in crystalline form snaps when broken. A crack rock acts as a see: , numbing the tongue or mouth only where directly placed. Purer forms of crack will sink in water or melt at the edges when near a flame crack vaporizes at 90 °C, 194 °F. Use of toxic adulterants such as has been documented. NaHCO 3, common baking soda is a base used in preparation of crack, although other may substitute for it. This process is frequently done with baking soda sodium bicarbonate , water, and a spoon. Once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate reacts with the hydrochloride of the powder cocaine, forming free base cocaine and H 2CO 3 in a reversible acid-base reaction. The heating accelerates the degradation of carbonic acid into CO 2 and water. Loss of CO 2 prevents the reaction from reversing back to cocaine hydrochloride. Free base cocaine separates as an oily layer, floating on the top of the now leftover aqueous phase. It is at this point that the oil is picked up rapidly, usually with a pin or long thin object. This pulls the oil up and spins it, allowing air to set and dry the oil, and allows the maker to roll the oil into the rock-like shape. Crack vaporizes near temperature 90 °C 194 °F , much lower than the cocaine hydrochloride melting point of 190 °C 374 °F. Whereas cocaine hydrochloride cannot be smoked burns with no effect , crack cocaine when smoked allows for quick absorption into the blood stream, and reaches the brain in 8 seconds. Crack cocaine can also be injected intravenously with the same effect as powder cocaine. However, whereas powder cocaine dissolves in water, crack must be dissolved in an acidic solution such as lemon juice or white vinegar, a process that effectively reverses the original conversion of powder cocaine to crack. A woman smoking crack cocaine. Crack cocaine is commonly used as a recreational drug. Effects of crack cocaine include , supreme confidence, loss of appetite, , alertness, increased energy, a craving for more cocaine, and potential paranoia ending after use. Its initial effect is to release a large amount of , a brain chemical inducing feelings of. When powder cocaine is dissolved and , the absorption into the bloodstream is at least as rapid as the absorption of the drug which occurs when crack cocaine is smoked, and similar may be experienced. Main physiological effects of crack cocaine The short-term physiological effects of cocaine include constricted blood vessels, , and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Some users of cocaine report feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. In rare instances, sudden death can occur on the first use of cocaine or unexpectedly thereafter. Cocaine-related deaths are often a result of or seizures followed by respiratory arrest. Like other forms of cocaine, smoking crack can increase heart rate and blood pressure, leading to long-term cardiovascular problems. Some research suggests that smoking crack or freebase cocaine has additional health risks compared to other methods of taking cocaine. Many of these issues relate specifically to the release of and its effect on the heart, lungs, and liver. Occasionally, highly toxic substances are used, with a range of corresponding short and long-term health risks. Adulturants used with crack and cocaine include , sugars such as , , , , , , , and. Crack users tend to smoke the drug because that has a higher than other routes typically used for drugs of abuse such as. Therefore, crack pipes are generally very short, to minimize the time between evaporating and ingestion thereby minimizing loss of potency. These 4-inch 10-cm pipes are not durable and will quickly develop breaks; users may continue to use the pipe even though it has been broken to a shorter length. The hot pipe might burn the lips, tongue, or fingers, especially when passed between people who take hits in rapid succession, causing the short pipe to reach higher temperatures than if used by one person alone. This can trigger heart problems or cause unconsciousness. Crack lung In crack users, acute respiratory symptoms have been reported, sometimes termed crack lung. Symptoms include fever, hemoptysis and difficulty breathing. In the 48-hour period after use, people with these symptoms have also had associated radiographic findings on chest xray of , , , and infiltration. Psychological Stimulant drug abuse particularly and cocaine can lead to aka Ekbom's Syndrome: a mistaken belief they are infested with parasites. Similar delusions may also be associated with high fever or in connection with alcohol withdrawal, sometimes accompanied by visual hallucinations of insects. People experiencing these hallucinations might scratch themselves to the extent of serious skin damage and bleeding, especially when they are delirious. Paranoia and anxiety are among the most common psychological symptoms of crack cocaine use. Psychosis is more closely associated with smoking crack cocaine than intranasal and intravenous use. The threat that cocaine use during poses to the is now considered exaggerated. Studies show that prenatal cocaine exposure independent of other effects such as, for example, alcohol, tobacco, or physical environment has no appreciable effect on childhood growth and development. They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills. It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration. However, the fact that most of these children appear normal should not be over-interpreted as indicating that there is no cause for concern. Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may lead to subtle, yet significant, later deficits in some children, including deficits in some aspects of cognitive performance, information-processing, and attention to tasks—abilities that are important for success in school. During the early months of pregnancy, it may increase the risk of miscarriage. Later in pregnancy, it can trigger preterm labor labor that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy or cause the baby to grow poorly. As a result, cocaine-exposed babies are more likely than unexposed babies to be born with low birthweight less than 5. Low-birthweight babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month of life than normal-weight babies, and face an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Cocaine-exposed babies also tend to have smaller heads, which generally reflect smaller brains. Some studies suggest that cocaine-exposed babies are at increased risk of birth defects, including urinary-tract defects and, possibly, heart defects. Cocaine also may cause an unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a heart attack. Some users will frequently increase their doses to intensify and prolong the euphoric effects. While tolerance to the high can occur, users might also become more sensitive to cocaine's local anesthetic pain killing and convulsant seizure inducing effects, without increasing the dose taken; this increased sensitivity may explain some deaths occurring after apparent low doses of cocaine. Addiction Main article: Crack cocaine is popularly thought to be the most addictive form of cocaine. The claim that cocaine is much more addictive when smoked must be reexamined. The intense desire to recapture the initial high is what is so addictive for many users. On the other hand, Reinarman et al. A typical response among users is to have another hit of the drug; however, the levels of in the brain take a long time to replenish themselves, and each hit taken in rapid succession leads to progressively less intense highs. However, a person might binge for 3 or more days without sleep, while inhaling hits from the pipe. Use of cocaine in a binge, during which the drug is taken repeatedly and at increasingly high doses, leads to a state of increasing irritability, restlessness, and. This may result in a full-blown paranoid psychosis, in which the individual loses touch with reality and experiences auditory hallucinations. Large amounts of crack cocaine several hundred milligrams or more intensify the user's high, but may also lead to bizarre, erratic, and violent behavior. Large amounts can induce tremors, , muscle twitches, , or, with repeated doses, a toxic reaction closely resembling poisoning. Synonyms atari; base; bazooka; beamers; beemers; bebe; bee-bee; berry; bing; bolo; bomb; boulder; boulders; butter; caine; cane; Casper; Casper the ghost; cavvy; chemical; chewies; cloud; cloud nine; crills; crunch and munch; dip; famous dimes; fan; fish scale; fries; fry; glo; golfball; gravel; grit; hail; hamburger; helper; hubba; ice cube; kangaroo; kibbles and bits; kibbles; krills; lightem; paste; patico; pebbles; pee wee; pony; raw; ready; ready rocks; redi rocks; roca; rock; rooster; rox; Roxanne; scud; Scotty; scramble; scruples; seven-up; sherm; sherms; sleet; snowballs; stones; teeth; tension; top gun; tweak; ultimate; wash; white cloud; work; yahoo; yay; yayoo; yeah-O; yeyo; yeo; yuck. Legal status anti-crack poster Cocaine is listed as a drug in the United Nations 1961 , making it illegal for non-state-sanctioned production, manufacture, export, import, distribution, trade, use and possession. In most states except in the U. Australia In Australia, crack falls under the same category as cocaine, which is listed as a , indicating that any substances and preparations for therapeutic use under this category have high potential for abuse and addiction. It is permitted for some medical use, but is otherwise outlawed. Canada As a under the , crack is not differentiated from cocaine and other products. However, the court may weigh the socio-economic factors of crack usage in sentencing. As a guideline, Schedule I drugs carry a maximum 7-year prison sentence for possession for an and up to life imprisonment for trafficking and production. United States In the United States, cocaine is a drug under the , indicating that it has a high abuse potential but also carries a medicinal purpose. Under the Controlled Substances Act, crack and cocaine are considered the same drug. The increased penalties for crack cocaine possession and usage. It mandated a of five years without for possession of five grams of crack; to receive the same sentence with powder cocaine one had to have 500 grams. This sentencing disparity was reduced from 100-to-1 to 18-to-1 by the of 2010. Europe In the United Kingdom, crack is a under the. In the it is a List 1 drug of the. In Reinarman, Craig; Levine, Harry G. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Costa Rica, July 2008,. Cut: A Guide to Adulturants, Bulkinh Agents and other Contaminants found in Illicit Drugs. Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University. Retrieved May 28, 2017. Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. The New York Times. In Reinarman, Craig; Levine, Harry G. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. In Reinarman, Craig; Levine, Harry G. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. International Narcotics Control Board. Archived from PDF on 2008-05-09. Archived from on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
Under the Controlled Substances Act, crack and cocaine are considered the same drug. This can lead to depression, anxiety disorders and psychosis, such as paranoia episodes. Crack is made by cooking cocaine powder with baking soda, then breaking it into small pieces called rocks. The high from snorting or sniffing powder cocaine may last 15-30 minutes. The drug is broken into small rocks and then placed into a pipe or other device to be smoked. During the early months of pregnancy, it may increase the risk of miscarriage.
